THE ALIED PARATROOPER TRANSPORTER
After the First World War it is the Germans forbidden, by the treaty of Versailles, to operate or own (motorised) aircraft. And because of this, Germany researches the possibility to use gliders for military use. These experiments are noticed by Great Britain en the United States and they also see the cheap way to transport huge amounts of troops and supplies behind enemy lines.
The General Aircraft Hotspur
The first real British transport glider was built by General Aircraft Ltd at Feltham. It made it's first success full flight on 5 November 1940. The first production Hotspur arrives for operational use at Ringway on 6 February 1941. There was room for eight full battle dressed men or 1000 kg in cargo.
Technical data: General Aircraft Hotspur
Span: 14 m, Length: 12 m, Full take-off weight: 1650 kg.
Total built: 1015
The General Aircraft GAL49 'Hamilcar'
Specification X.27/40 asked for a glider who could carry a light tank. This idea, to transport heavy armour through the air, was not new. As early as 1935, the Russians transported a T-37 tank on a pallet under a TB-3 bomber. The contract to built the new transport glider goes to General Aircraft Ltd. With the designation GAL49 it became soon known as the 'Hamilcar', after the Carthagian general and father of Hannibal. On 27 March 1942 it made it's first flight.
There was space for 40 men in the back of the glider, but this was seldom used as such. The primary cargo was the light Tetrarch tank. Because of the heavy weight, the Halifax Mk III is chosen as its towplane. During D-Day some 70 Hamilcars were used. There was also a version that was motorised, called the Mk X. It had two Bristol Mercury 31 engines and there were only 20 built. The Mk X never saw any action. Technical data: General Aircraft Hamilcar
Crew: 2,
Span: 33.5 m, Length 20.3 m, Height 6.17 m
Take-off weight: 16.329 kg, Cargo: 7000 kg
Total built: 412
An Halifax tows an Horsa
The Airspeed A.S.51 & A.S.85 'Horsa'
The Airspeed A.S.51 'Horsa' became the most built frontline transport glider for the British. De A.S.51 was developed during 1940 under Specification X.26/40. Seven prototypes were built five by Airspeed and two by Fairey.
On 12 September 1940 is the first flight with a Horsa behind a Whitley bomber. The first military action with the A.S.51 is when 2 Horsa's are being deployed in a commando raid against the 'Heavy Water Plant' near Rjukan, Two Halifaxen and Horsa's, with a group of volunteers of the Royal Engineers departed on 19 November 1942 from a Scottish aerodrome. Unfortunately, both gliders and one Halifax are lost. From the first Horsa nine men, from 17, survive the crash. These survivors were shot or killed with poison by the Germans. From the other Horsa, three are killed on impact and the others are murdered by an order from Hitler himself. The next operation is on 10 July 1943, when Horsa's take part in the airborne operations to invade Sicily. A total of 140 gliders are deployed that day. 27 A.S.51's are among the Waco Hadrians. Not only the Halifax was used as a tow plane, also the Short Stirling
towed gliders.
Airspeed
A.S.51 'Horsa'
Technical data
: A.S.51, Horsa Mk I
Crew: 2 & 20 à 25 men, Wingspan:
26.8 m, Length: 20.4 m, Heigth: 5.9 m
Emptyweight: 3797 kg, Take-off weight: 7031 kg, Gliding speed:
161 km/h
Technical data
: A.S.58, Horsa Mk II
(hinged nosedoor for loading and unloading light vehicles and equipment.)
Crew: 2 & 20 à 25 men, Wingspan:
26.8 m, Length: 20.7 m, Height: 6.2 m
Empty weight: 3797 kg, Take-off weight: 7144 kg, Gliding speed:
161 km/h
Total built: 3792 (2231 Mk I's & 1561 Mk
II's)
6 JUNE, 1944,
D-DAY
World famous becomes the Horsa when it is used in the motion picture 'The Longest
Day' when a couple crash besides the bridge across the Caen canal. The bridge was later called 'Pegasus' after the insignia of the British 6th Airborne Division.
Left, the Horsa's near Pegasus bridge, (r), the bust of Major Howard on the LZ (photo; Jos Pangels)
After three initial actions, 68 Horsa's arrive around 03.30 hours in the morning of June 6th with re-invorsments of the 6th Airborne Division, with 4 extra Hamilcars. Because of the strong side wind only 47 Horsa's and 2 Hamilcars reach their designated 'landingzone' (LZ), the others land widely spread in the area around the Orne and Dives river.
Later that day another 250 gliders, mostly Horsa's, who bring an additional 7.500 men in the British sector. Not only the British operate the Horsa, the American 82nd and 101st make good use of the Airspeed Horsa. In the night around 04.00 hours some 52 gliders land in the American sector. Many of them crash in the earth walls and in the so-called 'Rommel-asparagus' (long poles in the fields, especially against gliders).
At the LZ 'E', near Vierville and St-Marie-du-Monde crashes the glider with Brigadier-General Donald F. Pratt. He becomes the first high officer to be killed on D-Day. Later that day another 32 gliders arrives around 21.00 hours. Because of the high casualties during the landings it is decided not to bring any more troops by the gliders. The remaining men of the 101st Airborne Division is brought over sea by landingcraft. Just as with the 101st, the 82nd Airborne brings in reinforcements by gliders. The first badge lands around 04.00 hours in 52 gliders in the north-east from St-Mere-Eglise, and in the evening at 21.00 hours another 76 gliders arrive, and around 23.00 hours a badge of 100 gliders. Unfortunately, just as with the 101st, the casualties are extreme high. 300 men, pilots and crew, got killed because of the crashes and the German Flak. Of the both divisions, 82nd and 101st, 1200 men are lost in the first 24 hours.
The Waco CG-4A
(Hadrian)
The work horse under the gliders used by the United States in the Second World War, is the Waco CG-4A (C =
Combat, G = Glider, 4A = Model). The Waco Aircraft Company in
Troy, Ohio builds a craft with a wooden floor, a welded steel frame covert with fabric. A hinged cockpit, that swings upwards, gives way to 13 men or a jeep with 75mm canon. It is far from a beauty, but the glider is used for one mission only and after landing it is destroyed or abandoned. Test flights are started in 1942. Fifteen company's take on the production of the CG-4A. When the CG-4A arrives in Great Britain it is given the nickname 'Hadrian'.
The first action for the CG-4A is during the invasion of Sicily. During D-Day, the 82nd and the 101st Airborne Division use the CG-4A in huge numbers. Around Carentan lands alone 53 Hadrians and 32 Horsa's.
Technical data: Waco CG-4A 'Hadrian'
Crew: 2, Wingspan: 25 m, Length 14 m,
Take-off weight: 3400 kg, Total build: 13.000
September 17,
1944, MARKET GARDEN
17 September 1944, 588 Horsa's, 58 Hamilcars with tanks and 4 CG-4A Hadrians take off to bring the 1st Airborne Division near Arnhem. It was a lost battle. After four days against a tough German resistant the Allies realise that all their efforts were going awash. Of the Glider Pilot Regiment, 23 officers and 124 NCO's got killed, 31 officers and 438 NCO's are made prisoner by the Germans. This group of men was responsible for bringing in, with 660 gliders, 4500 men, 95 heavy guns and 544 jeeps or other heavy equipment. Without any doubt an enormous achievement.
Between October 1944 and January 1945, some gliders are rescued by C-47's in a spectacular manner. These gliders used again for crossing the Rhine river in March 1945.
Slingsby
Hengist
The Slingsby Hengist was developed in case the Horsa would turn out to be a failure. When 18 Hengist were build, the production was stopped.
March 24,
1945, Operation VARSITY
The last big airborne operation, the crossing of the Rhine, was on 24 March, 1945. Not only the biggest airborne operation, also the most succesfull. A total of 1572 transport planes, 1326 gliders and 899 escort fighters took part in this single action. To defend the eastern sector some 2153 fighter planes were active. The 17th Airborne Division was the only division that made a jump that day. The 13th was kept in reserve, but they were not needed, the German forces were completely overrun by the force of the Allied troops.
Left, a cockpit of a Horsa, right, a Hadrian (both under restoration)
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